The Book of ACTS
Summary of the Book of Acts
This summary of the
book of Acts provides information about the title, author(s), date of writing,
chronology, theme, theology, outline, a brief overview, and the chapters of the
Book of Acts.
Although the author
does not name himself, evidence outside the Scriptures and inferences from the
book itself lead to the conclusion that the author was Luke.
The earliest of the
external testimonies appears in the Muratorian Canon (c. a.d. 170), where the
explicit statement is made that Luke was the author of both the third Gospel
and the "Acts of All the Apostles." Eusebius (c. 325) lists
information from numerous sources to identify the author of these books as Luke
(Ecclesiastical History, 3.4).
Within the writing
itself are some clues as to who the author was:
- Luke, the companion of Paul. In the description of the happenings in Acts,
certain passages make use of the pronoun "we." At these points
the author includes himself as a companion of Paul in his travels (16:10-17; 20:5 -- 21:18; 27:1 -- 28:16; see notes on 16:10,17; 27:1). A historian as careful with details as this author
proves to be would have good reason for choosing to use "we" in
some places and "they" elsewhere. The author was therefore
probably present with Paul at the particular events described in the
"we" sections.
These "we" passages include the period of Paul's two-year imprisonment at Rome (ch. 28). During this time Paul wrote, among other letters, Philemon and Colossians. In them he sends greetings from his companions, and Luke is included among them (see Col 4:9-17 and notes;Phm 23-24). In fact, after eliminating those who, for one reason or another, would not fit the requirements for the author of Acts, Luke is left as the most likely candidate.
- Luke, the physician. Although it cannot be proved that the author of
Acts was a physician simply from his vocabulary, the words he uses and
the traits and education reflected in his writings fit well his role as a
physician (see, e.g., note on 28:6). It is true that the doctor of the first century did
not have as specialized a vocabulary as that of doctors today, but there
are some usages in Luke-Acts that seem to suggest that a medical man was
the author of these books. And it should be remembered that Paul uses the
term "doctor" in describing Luke (see Col 4:14 and note).
Two dates are possible
for the writing of this book: (1) c. a.d. 63, soon after the last event
recorded in the book, and (2) c. 70 or even later.
The earlier date is
supported by:
- Silence about later events. While arguments from silence are not conclusive,
it is perhaps significant that the book contains no allusion to events
that happened after the close of Paul's two-year imprisonment in Rome:
e.g., the burning of Rome and the persecution of the Christians there
(a.d. 64), the martyrdom of Peter and Paul (possibly 67) and the
destruction of Jerusalem (70).
- No outcome of Paul's trial. If Luke knew the outcome of the trial Paul was
waiting for (see28:30 and note), why did he not record it at the close
of Acts? Perhaps it was because he had brought the history up to date.
Those who prefer the
later date hold that 1:8 (see note there) reveals one of the
purposes Luke had in writing his history, and that this purpose influenced the
way the book ended. Luke wanted to show how the church penetrated the world of
his day in ever-widening circles (Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, the ends of the
earth) until it reached Rome, the world's political and cultural center. On
this understanding, mention of the martyrdom of Paul (c. a.d. 67) and of the
destruction of Jerusalem (70) was not pertinent. This would allow for the writing
of Acts c. 70 or even later.
The recipient of the
book, Theophilus, is the same person addressed in the first volume, the Gospel
of Luke (see Introduction to Luke: Recipient and Purpose).
The book of Acts
provides a bridge for the writings of the NT. As a second volume to Luke's
Gospel, it joins what Jesus "began to do and to teach" (1:1; see note there) as told in the Gospels with
what he continued to do and teach through the apostles' preaching and the
establishment of the church. Besides linking the Gospel narratives on the one
hand and the apostolic letters on the other, it supplies an account of the life
of Paul from which we can learn the setting for his letters. Geographically its
story spans the lands between Jerusalem, where the church began, and Rome, the
political center of the empire. Historically it recounts the first 30 years of
the church. It is also a bridge that ties the church in its beginning with each
succeeding age. This book may be studied to gain an understanding of the
principles that ought to govern the church of any age.
The theme of the work
is best summarized in 1:8 (see note there). It was ordinary
procedure for a historian at this time to begin a second volume by summarizing
the first volume and indicating the contents anticipated in his second volume.
Luke summarized his first volume in 1:1-3; the theme of his second volume is presented
in the words of Jesus: "You will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all
Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth" (1:8). This is, in effect, an outline of the book
of Acts (see Plan and Outline below).
The main purposes of
the book appear to be:
- To present a history. The significance of Acts as a historical
account of Christian origins cannot be overestimated. It tells of the
founding of the church, the spread of the gospel, the beginnings of
congregations, and evangelistic efforts in the apostolic pattern. One of
the unique aspects of Christianity is its firm historical foundation.
The life and teachings of Jesus Christ are established in the four
Gospel narratives, and the book of Acts provides a coordinated account
of the beginning and spread of the church as the result of the work of the
risen Lord and the Holy Spirit through the apostles.
- To give a defense. One finds embedded in Acts a record of
Christian defenses made to both Jews (e.g., 4:8-12) and Gentiles (e.g., 25:8-11), with the underlying purpose of conversion. It
shows how the early church coped with pagan and Jewish thought, the
Roman government and Hellenistic society.
Luke may have written this work as Paul awaited trial in Rome. If his case came to court, what better court brief could Paul have had than a life of Jesus, a history of the beginnings of the church (including the activity of Paul) and an early collection of Paul's letters? - To provide a guide. Luke had no way of knowing how long the church
would continue on this earth, but as long as it pursues its course, the
book of Acts will be one of its major guides. In Acts we see basic
principles being applied to specific situations in the context of
problems and persecutions. These same principles continue to be
applicable until Christ returns.
- To depict the triumph of
Christianity in the face of bitter persecution. The success of the church in carrying the
gospel from Jerusalem to Rome and in planting local churches across the
Roman empire demonstrated that Christianity was not a merely human work.
It triumphed under the rule of the exalted Christ and through the power
of the Holy Spirit.
- Accurate historical detail. Every page of Acts abounds with sharp, precise
details, to the delight of the historian. The account covers a period of
about 30 years and reaches across the lands from Jerusalem to Rome.
Luke's description of these times and places is filled with all kinds of
people and cultures, a variety of governmental administrations, court
scenes in Caesarea, and dramatic events involving such centers as
Antioch, Ephesus, Athens, Corinth and Rome. Barbarian country districts
and Jewish centers are included as well. Yet in each instance
archaeological findings reveal that Luke uses the proper terms for the
time and place being described. Hostile criticism has not succeeded in
disproving the detailed accuracy of Luke's political and geographical
designations.
- Literary excellence. Not only does Luke have a large vocabulary
compared with other NT writers, but he also uses these words in literary
styles that fit the cultural settings of the events he is recording. At
times he employs good, classical Greek; at other times the Palestinian
Aramaic of the first century shows through his expressions. This is an
indication of Luke's careful practice of using language appropriate to
the time and place being described. Aramaisms are used when Luke is describing
happenings that took place in the Holy Land (chs. 1 - 12). When, however, Paul departs for Hellenistic lands
beyond the territories where Aramaic-speaking people live, Aramaisms
cease.
- Dramatic description. Luke's skillful use of speeches contributes to
the drama of his narrative. Not only are they carefully spaced and well
balanced between Peter and Paul, but the speeches of a number of other
individuals add variety and vividness to the account (see 5 below).
Luke's use of details brings the action to life. Nowhere in ancient
literature is there an account of a shipwreck superior to Luke's with its
nautical details (ch. 27). The book is vivid and fast-moving throughout.
- Objective account. Luke's careful arrangement of material need not
detract from the accuracy of his record. He demonstrates the objectivity
of his account by recording the failures as well as the successes, the
bad as well as the good, in the early church. Not only is the discontent
between the Grecian Jews and the Hebraic Jews recorded (see 6:1 and note) but also the discord between Paul and
Barnabas (see 15:39 and note). Divisions and differences are
recognized (15:2; 21:20-21).
- Effective use of
speeches. One of the distinguishing
features of the book of Acts is its speeches. They may be classified as
follows: (1) evangelistic -- two types: to Jews and God-fearers (2:14-40; 3:12-26; 4:8-12; 5:29-32; 10:34-43; 13:16-41), to pagans (17:22-31); (2) deliberative (1:16-17,20-22; 15:7-11,13-21); (3) apologetic (7:2-52; 22:1-21; 23:1-6; 24:10-21;25:8,10; 26:2-23; 28:17-20,21-22,25-28); (4) hortatory (20:18-35).
The speeches are
obvioiusly not verbatim reports; any of them can be read in a few minutes. We
know, e.g., that Paul at times could be a long-winded preacher (see 20:7,9; 28:23). However, studies of these speeches
(speakers, audiences, circumstances, language and style of writing) give us
reason to belive that they are accurate summaries of what was actually said.
Luke weaves together
different interests and emphases as he relates the beginnings and expansion of
the church. The design of his book revolves around (1) key persons: Peter and
Paul; (2) important topics and events: the role of the Holy Spirit, pioneer
missionary outreach to new fields, conversions, the growth of the church, and
life in the Christian community; (3) significant problems: conflict between
Jews and Gentiles, persecution of the church by some Jewish elements, trials
before Jews and Romans, confrontations with Gentiles, and other hardships in
the ministry; (4) geographical advances: five significant stages (see the quotations
in the outline; see also map, p. 2268; cf. note on 1:8).
- Introduction (1:1-2)
- Christ's resurrection ministry (1:3-11)
- The period of waiting for the Holy Spirit (1:12-26)
- The filling with the Spirit (ch. 2)
- The healing of the lame man and the resultant arrest
of Peter and John (3:1;4:31)
- The community of goods (4:32;5:11)
- The arrest of the 12 apostles (5:12-42)
- The choice of the Seven (6:1-7)
- Stephen's arrest and martyrdom (6:8;7:60)
- The scattering of the Jerusalem believers (8:1-4)
- Philip's ministry (8:5-40)
From the NIV Study
Bible, Introductions to the Books of the Bible, Acts
Copyright 2002 © Zondervan. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
Copyright 2002 © Zondervan. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
ACTS 1
1 In my first book I told you, Theophilus,
about everything Jesus began to do and teach
2 until the day he was taken up to heaven
after giving his chosen apostles further instructions through the Holy
Spirit.
3 During the forty days after he suffered
and died, he appeared to the apostles from time to time, and he proved to them
in many ways that he was actually alive. And he talked to them about the
Kingdom of God.
4 Once when he was eating with them, he
commanded them, “Do not leave Jerusalem until the Father sends you the gift he
promised, as I told you before.
5 John baptized with water, but in just a
few days you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit.”
6 So when the apostles were with Jesus,
they kept asking him, “Lord, has the time come for you to free Israel and
restore our kingdom?”
7 He replied, “The Father alone has the
authority to set those dates and times, and they are not for you to know.
8But you will receive power when the Holy
Spirit comes upon you. And you will be my witnesses, telling people about me
everywhere—in Jerusalem, throughout Judea, in Samaria, and to the ends of the
earth.”
9 After saying this, he was taken up into
a cloud while they were watching, and they could no longer see him.
10 As they strained to see him rising into
heaven, two white-robed men suddenly stood among them.
11 “Men of Galilee,” they said, “why are
you standing here staring into heaven? Jesus has been taken from you into
heaven, but someday he will return from heaven in the same way you saw him
go!”
12 Then the apostles returned to Jerusalem
from the Mount of Olives, a distance of half a mile.
13 When they arrived, they went to the
upstairs room of the house where they were staying. Here are the names of those
who were present: Peter, John, James, Andrew, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew,
Matthew, James (son of Alphaeus), Simon (the Zealot), and Judas (son of
James).
14 They all met together and were
constantly united in prayer, along with Mary the mother of Jesus, several other
women, and the brothers of Jesus.
15 During this time, when about
120 believers were together in one place, Peter stood up and addressed
them.
16 “Brothers,” he said, “the Scriptures had
to be fulfilled concerning Judas, who guided those who arrested Jesus. This was
predicted long ago by the Holy Spirit, speaking through King David.
17 Judas was one of us and shared in the
ministry with us.”
18 (Judas had bought a field with the money
he received for his treachery. Falling headfirst there, his body split open,
spilling out all his intestines.
19 The news of his death spread to all the
people of Jerusalem, and they gave the place the Aramaic name which means
“Field of Blood.”)
20Peter continued, “This was written in the book
of Psalms, where it says, ‘Let his home become desolate, with no one living in
it.’ It also says, ‘Let someone else take his position.’
21 “So now we must choose a replacement for
Judas from among the men who were with us the entire time we were traveling
with the Lord Jesus—
22 from the time he was baptized by John
until the day he was taken from us. Whoever is chosen will join us as a witness
of Jesus’ resurrection.”
23 So they nominated two men: Joseph called
Barsabbas (also known as Justus) and Matthias.
24 Then they all prayed, “O Lord, you know
every heart. Show us which of these men you have chosen
25 as an apostle to replace Judas in this
ministry, for he has deserted us and gone where he belongs.”
26 Then they cast lots, and Matthias was
selected to become an apostle with the other eleven.
